Options on futures contracts have added a new dimension to futures trading. Like futures, options provide protection against adverse price moves. Present-day options trading on the floor of an exchange began in April 1973 when the Chicago Board of Trade created the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) for the sole purpose of trading options on a limited number of New York Stock Exchange-listed equities. Options on futures contracts were introduced at the CBOT in October 1982 when the exchange began trading options on U.S. Treasury Bond futures. Options on 10-year U.S. Treasury Note futures were launched in May 1985, followed in June 1987 by options on Long-Term Municipal Bond Index futures. Options on 5-Year U.S. Treasury Note futures began trading in May 1990, followed in May 1992 by options on 2-Year Treasury Note futures.
By year-end 1990, the combined trading volume in options on T-bond and T-note futures reached more then 28.3 million contracts, accounting for nearly 25 percent of the total CBOT financial complex volume.
Options differ considerably from futures. When used prudently, options can be of immense value, especially in preserving the value of an existing fixed-income portfolio. To many in the financial markets, options are considered "insurance" against adverse price movements while offering the flexibility to benefit from possible favorable price movements.
The reasons for using options on interest rate futures are reflected in the structure of an option contract. First, an option, when purchased, gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific amount of a specific commodity at a specific price within a specific period of time. By comparison, a futures contract requires a buyer or seller to perform under the terms of the contract if an open position is not offset before expiration.
Second, the decision to exercise the option is entirely that of the buyer.
Third, the purchaser of the option can lose no more than the initial amount of money invested (premium). That is not the case, however, for the buyer of a futures contract.
Finally, an option buyer is never subject to margin calls. This enables the purchaser to maintain a market position, despite any adverse moves, without putting up additional funds.
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The following is the input window for an option on CBOT futures.
All options on CBOT futures are American type.
There are two basic calculations in HedgeOne. If the user gives a price, HedgeOne calculates the implied volatility, delta, gamma and vega. Or, in the other direction, HedgeOne calculates the value based on the volatility curve. The delta is expressed as DV01. The DV01 is further divided by different maturity baskets. The following is the output window.
